Using Social Media to Track Juror’s Online Postings

By Thomas G. Wilkinson, Jr. and Lindsey E. Wilkinson Facebook.jpg

Just as lawyers now routinely conduct due diligence on opposing parties’ social media pages (see our July 20 Sidebar post), some lawyers also are monitoring postings by jurors on social media sites.  In a recent ethics opinion issued by the New York County Lawyers’ Association Committee on Professional Ethics (No. 743, 5/18/11), the committee concluded that an attorney may review jurors’ postings on publicly available social networking sites during trial.  But they must not “friend” or “tweet” jurors, subscribe to their Twitter accounts, or otherwise contact them, either directly or through others.

Lawyers also may not make misstatements or engage in deceit when they are conducting juror research.  In New York, an attorney who learns of juror misconduct as a result of mining the Internet has a duty to immediately alert the court without trying to take advantage of the information.  Under New York Rule of Professional Conduct 3.5 (not to be confused with the Model Rule), there is a requirement that lawyers expressly advise the court of improper conduct by or towards a juror.  For example, if a lawyer learns that a juror is ignoring the court’s instructions that prohibit conducting independent research on the case or counsel, then the lawyer must promptly comply with Rule 3.5(d) and bring such information to the attention of the court. 

In Philadelphia, a juror in the trial of former state senator Vince Fumo tweeted during jury deliberations about the jury’s impending “big announcement,” handing defense counsel a convenient appeal issue. In a recent South Dakota case, a jury verdict was set aside after a juror performed his own Internet research, which he shared with fellow jurors.  A mistrial had to be declared in Florida after a juror in a major federal drug trial admitted he had researched the Internet for details about the case. This juror was not alone; eight other jurors admitted to the same misconduct.  After weeks of trial testimony, the judge had no choice but to declare a mistrial.

Thomas G. Wilkinson, Jr. is a member of Cozen O’Connor’s Commercial Litigation Practice Group and heads the firm’s alternative dispute resolution practice. He concentrates his practice in business litigation, business torts, complex insurance coverage, and professional responsibility matters.

 

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Posted in Trial

The Usual Stipulations – Deposition Mythology

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Every lawyer has heard the phrase “usual stipulations” at their first deposition.  I swallowed a few four-letter words in my stomach the first time I heard the suggested “usual” stips.”  Nothing was usual!  This was my first deposition and although I spent a week preparing, I was thrown from my saddle at the outset.

The other lawyers around the table started to nod approvingly at the “usual stips.”  To avoid embarrassment, I nodded along, although I had no idea what I was consenting to.  The stenographer typed away and I, seemingly, avoided a rookie mistake and went on with asking my questions.  I couldn’t wait to get back to the office and figure out what the “usual stipulations” were and what I may or may not have agreed to. Turns out, I agreed to nothing and was subjected to a classic Litigation Mythology.

There are no usual stipulations.  Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 29 (a) allows the parties to stipulate that a deposition may be taken “before any person, at any time or place, on any notice, and in the manner specified…”.  No answers there.  Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 30 doesn’t use the word “usual” in all the guidance it provides in taking a deposition.  If there is no rule, then there is nothing “usual” about an adversary proposing an unarticulated stipulation before you start a deposition. 

The next time you are asked about the “usual stipulations,” suggest that the deposition will proceed pursuant to the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure and Evidence.  Then politely and with complete confidence, ask what stipulations your adversary suggests.

I understand it may vary from state to state and am curious whether there is an actual rule which explicitly references “usual” stips and what they are.

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Posted in Litigation

Using Social Media for Discovery Has Ethical Implications.

By Thomas G. Wilkinson, Jr. and Lindsey E. WilkinsonhippieComputers.jpg

It has become common practice for lawyers to mine social media pages of parties and witnesses for discovery purposes.   But can the urge to dig up dirt on opposing parties cause lawyers and their staff to overstep the line into ‘risky business’ practices or even  potential for lawyer disciplinary consequences?  

Millions of people regularly post personal information and photographs on Facebook and other social media sites.  That personal information may include details undermining the strength of pending complaints, such as personal injury or employment claims.  Many lawyers will access the social media pages for opposing parties and witnesses as a routine matter before taking their depositions, and will look for information for use in cross-examination or impeachment.   Quite often they will find a plaintiff claiming a disabling injury who has posted photos of him or herself engaging in strenuous physical activity or extreme sports and showing no signs of injury.  This is a potential gold mine for defense counsel, and of course a nightmare for plaintiff’s counsel, who are now also routinely scouring their own clients’ social media pages for potential evidentiary material.  blurbs.jpg

These practices have produced a series of state bar ethics opinions attempting to define the contours of permissible conduct by lawyers wishing to gain access to an opponent’s social media postings.  In the first opinion addressing “friending” an opposing party to gain access to the content on their Facebook page, the Philadelphia Bar’s Professional Guidance Committee opined that it was misleading for an attorney to cause his paralegal to “friend” the opposing party to gain access to private social media postings or photographs.  In a recent opinion the San Diego bar’s ethics committee concluded that it was improper for a lawyer to friend an opposing party that is represented by counsel because it would violate the traditional rule against direct contact with represented parties.   Put another way, who needs “friends” who are really adversaries?

Courts are also addressing issues related to the discoverability of social media information and reaching somewhat inconsistent results.  So far it is fair to conclude that a generalized request to produce anything and everything from all social media sites used by a party will be rejected as overbroad.  But a tailored request for material directly related to the allegations in the case, such as photographs of the plaintiff with an alleged leg injury water-skiing or hiking will likely be deemed fair game.  Tell your clients to resist the urge to talk about their case or their injury online, as that information is likely discoverable and not protected by any privilege. 

Tom%20Wilkinson.jpgThomas G. Wilkinson, Jr. is a member of Cozen O’Connor’s Commercial Litigation Practice Group and heads the firm’s alternative dispute resolution practice. He concentrates his practice in business litigation, business torts, complex insurance coverage, and professional responsibility matters.

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Posted in The Practice of Law

The “W” Words of Direct Examination

By Benjamin E. Zuckerman

As any trial lawyer knows, direct exams are often more difficult than cross.  During cross-examination you are in charge.  You make the witness tell your story by asking her leading questions that let you control the testimony.  You can change from subject to subject whenever you want. Cross can really be fun.

Direct exams are a different story.  Your role as questioner is more limited.  The witness is the star, not you. It’s her story that the jury needs to hear.  If you don’t handle the direct exam properly the story won’t get told in a clear and convincing way.

Lawyers often run into direct exam problems because they forget–or don’t know how–to ask questions that are simple, organized, direct and concise.  That task can almost always be accomplished by starting each questions with the “W” words. Simply begin most questions with “where”, “when”, “who”, “why”, or “what”.  Your witness will easily understand what you are asking her and the jury will easily understand her answer.  Your client’s story will flow naturally and effortlessly.  A simple example is:

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Where were you on the night of January 2?

Why did you go there?

Who else attended that meeting?

What time did you arrive?

What subjects were on the agenda?

When did you leave?

 

You and your witness will have painted a clear picture for the jurors.  Through this brief exchange they’ll know what was happening, where it took place, who was present, why they were there, etc.  Following up with questions such as “What happened next?”, “Who suggested that?”, or  “When did that happen?” will complete the picture.  Additional “W” word questions can also be thrown into the mix, such as “Was anyone else supposed to attend the meeting?”  You get the idea.

Of course, you can also start questions with other words, such as “Did you stay for the whole meeting?”, but keeping the “W” word formula in mind is a sure-fire way to make your direct exams easy and effective.

 

zuckerman_b.jpgBenjamin E. Zuckerman is of counsel in Cozen O’Connor’s General Litigation Department. He concentrates his practice in the areas of commercial and general litigation, including a broad range of civil matters.

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Posted in Trial

Cash as Contraband. Technology Makes Money Obsolete

Everyone is  using  the internet for buying and selling: a seemingly limitless marketplace. big ben money.jpgRecently, a company Square, founded by Twitter co-founder Jack Dorsey, created an “app” which allows individuals and small businesses to accept credit cards for transactions simply by using a smart phone or tablet, without the need for contracts or monthly fees. The company charges a simple 2.75% per transaction.  Purchasing a velvet painting of Elvis at a garage sale on your credit card could become commonplace.   Just think, the lemonade stand on the block could soon be accepting VISA, MasterCard and AMEX.  Will cash become contraband?

Contraband are goods which are illegal to possess or trade.  For example, you would not show up cigars.jpgat U.S. Customs smoking a Cuban cigar, carrying a counterfeit Louis Vuitton purse and wearing a rhinoceros horn around your neck.   These are obvious examples of contraband.  Although cash has always been the preferred method of payment for income-tax purposes for many waitresses, self-employed consultants, construction workers and taxi drivers.  Now with the capability to complete transactions through smart phones, there is a chance that cash will become obsolete. 

What if someday the only people using cash are those involved in criminal activity.  Potentially, the only reason to have cash would be to buy something illegal.  If you want to figure out who’s running a large criminal enterprise, there is on old saying that you merely need to “follow the money”; at trial, money is admitted into evidence by prosecutors as circumstantial evidence that a defendant committed a crime.  In the not-too-distant future, everyone buying and selling illegal items will not be able to complete a hard-currency transaction.  At some point, the buyer will not have cash because he will be accustomed to using his credit card—demanding cash will be unreasonable.  The illicit seller will now need to open a bank account and conform with his customers’ expectations.  Even now, banks require proof of identity and address to prevent money laundering.  A legitimate bank keeps track of these accounts and the volume of transactions which will enable law enforcement to easily “follow the money.”

Cash may very well become contraband. Panhandling will be a lost art.

Posted in Prosecution & Defense

10 Things a Lawyer Should Never Say in a Social Setting – Cocktail Party Chatter

Many lawyers have a tendency to brag about their work over cocktails with just about anybody who cares to listen.  It is a combination of ego and selling.  Recently, I was a faculty panel member at a PA Bar Institute program entitled “Cocktail Party Chatter” in which we discussed a number of ethical considerations all lawyers should be aware of in social settings. Lawyers may not realize that they are giving legal advice and creating an attorney-client relationship.  As a result, the lawyer may become liable for his loose lips. 

Below are the top-10 highlights of the program, moderated by my colleague Chris Fallon, Esq.:

THE TOP 10 THINGS LAWYERS SHOULD NEVER SAY AT A SOCIAL EVENT

1.  Remember that in social settings, many people may ask for your opinion and advice on a legal matter. Be careful not to be so free with your professional advice because the consequences of establishing an attorney/client relationship where you had no such intention may likely fall upon you and not the client.

2.  Never provide a casual acquaintance at a cocktail party or other social event with free legal advice unless you are sure that you want to enter an attorney-client relationship.bar.jpg

3.  Be careful not to disclose confidential information learned from a would be client at a social setting.

4.  Never give confidential legal advice in the presence of strangers.

5.  Be careful to avoid representation of someone without clearing conflicts — it is impossible to check for a conflict at a cocktail party!

6.  Never misstate your qualifications, experience or expertise or hold yourself out to prospective clients as an “expert” in a particular area of the practice of law unless specifically permitted under the Rules of Professional Conduct.

7.  Never guarantee success nor exaggerate your ability to win a case.

8.  Never state to the person with whom you are speaking that you know the Judge or a government agent implying a relationship which will somehow help you in a potential matter.

9.  Gossip at a cocktail party is never beneficial and it could expose a client confidence.

10. Refrain from making statements about a defendant or its product which, if spoken in court, are privileged, but when spoken outside the protected litigation forum are no longer privileged and may be defamatory.

Remember, you are always a member of the Bar when you are at a bar.

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Posted in Privilege

Prosecuting Corporate Officers: FDA & the Park Doctrine

 

By Lauren A. Tulli

 

Recently, the FDA released guidelines titled the “Special Procedures and Considerations for Park Doctrine Prosecutions” to clarify the mechanism by which enforcement actions can be brought against corporate executives of FDA regulated companies.   Although the guidelines are non-binding, they illustrate the government’s apparent commitment to punish corporate executives as individuals, for violations of the Food Drug and Cosmetic Act (FDCA). 

The threat of criminal enforcement is not new.  In United States v. Park, 421 U.S. 658 (1975), the Supreme Court affirmed a business man in handcuffs.jpgcriminal conviction of a company officer for regulatory violations in a food storage facility.   The defendant denied he had any knowledge of the conditions, but the Court held that liability under the enforcement statute (21 U.S.C. § 331(a)) did not require a showing of knowledge or participation in the violation. 

The “responsible corporate officer doctrine,” also known as the Park doctrine following this 1975 case, permits charges against high ranking individuals for violations of the FDCA.  A corporate official may be convicted of a violation without engaging in any wrongdoing or knowledge of the violation, provided that the official had the authority or ability to prevent or correct the violation and failed to do so. 

Penalties can be significant, including criminal fines, debarment by the FDA, and exclusion from participation in health care programs.   Exclusion from participation in those federal programs can cripple a company. 

The FDA’s new guidelines provide for the uniform submission and review of prosecution recommendations.  They set forth several criteria to consider when deciding whether to recommend a Park prosecution against a corporate official, including the official’s position test tubes.jpgwith the company, her knowledge of and relationship to the violation, whether she had the ability to prevent or correct the violation, and whether the violation is serious, widespread and causes actual or potential harm to the public.  

Last year, Eric Blumberg, FDA litigation chief, told an audience at a Food and Drug Law Institute event that the agency is looking for cases to employ the Park doctrine, in an effort to “change the corporate culture” of companies that have successfully avoided penalties thus far.  He indicated that one area the agency will target is off-label marketing.  “I don’t know when, where, or how many cases will be brought,” Blumberg advised, “but if you are a corporate executive – or counsel advising such a client – I would not wait for the first case to decide now is the time to comply with the law. They won’t get a mulligan on their conduct.” 

The best course of action is to create a compliance program which identifies, addresses and corrects potential violations before they occur.  Areas such as clinical trials and off-label marketing are particularly susceptible.  By adopting a culture of compliance, companies may significantly reduce the risks that could find the company, and now, more than ever, the corporate officials, in trouble with the government.

 

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Lauren Tulli is a Partner of Cozen O’Connor’s Life Sciences & Medical Device Litigation Group.

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Posted in Prosecution & Defense

Search Warrant Protocol – What Every Company Should Do to Prepare

FBI - search warrant.JPGThere are many ways by which the Government, federal or state, can appear at a company’s doorstep.  The most disruptive and unnerving is when government agents show up in the company’s lobby to serve and execute a search warrant.  Is your company prepared? 

Every company should have clearly defined written policies and procedures included in its employment manual.  I’m not suggesting that Human Resources spend half of a day of orientation pontificating on the nuances of the 4th Amendment or Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 41.  Rather, companies simply need to inform employees of their basic rights.  Employees should know that they have the right to decline a government agent’s request for an interview and, if they decide to answer questions, that the company will provide them with an attorney at the interview.  Also, ease employees concerns by letting them know that there will be a “Crisis Management Team” (CMT) ready to deal with the warrant and monitor the agents.  This quick and easy training could end up saving your company’s assets in a time of crisis.

Your company’s CMT should obviously include in-house counsel, but it must also incorporate other key members such as office managers; IT staff (which is crucial); a spokesperson to deal with the press; human resources; security; and your outside counsel.  The team should be provided with comprehensive training about their roles and the company’s rights during a search because they will be documenting and, if need be, objecting to the agents’ conduct or seizure.  Your receptionist should also be armed with a copy of the policies and procedures, as well as regularly updated contact information for each of the individuals on the CMT.  If you are a tenant, make sure that building management agrees with your policies and that building security personnel are on board with your plan of action.  Those security guards will likely be the first contact between your company and law enforcement.

Don’t forget – your company should be backing up all data all the time and maintaining those duplicates off-site.  This will enable your company to maintain its day-to-day operations notwithstanding the seizure.  In addition, make sure to clearly identify all documents that are considered trade secrets or privileged and to save them in separate areas.  Generally, the government will not seize privileged documents and it is a crime for the DOJ to release a company’s trade secrets.

Finally, make sure to prepare a notification in advance of a potential search to be sent to all employees in the event of a search.  The notification should include an explanation of your company’s warrant compliance protocols and a list of the members on the CMT.  The email should also inform employees that they should not interfere with the search and that they are under no obligation to consent to an interview with governmental agents but, if they do, a company lawyer will be provided.

The vast majority of companies are conducting business in a lawful manner so it is hard to imagine the FBI showing up with a search warrant.  However, all companies are regulated in some manner and certainly cannot monitor all employee conduct.  Search warrants happen.  So take a little time to create or update your company’s search warrant protocols and make sure your business is prepared. 

We’ll talk about what your company’s response should be when the warrant is actually executed in future FSB articles.

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Posted in Corporate Compliance

Witness Preparation – Ask Your Questions. Get the Right Answer

Q & A - ask answer (use this one).JPGWitness preparation is one of the most important components of trial and litigation practice.  A simple but overlooked part of preparation is asking your witness your actual questions.  You may have two or twenty essential questions that you must ask to prove your case or deal with the opposing counsel’s anticipated cross exam.  I have watched many lawyers prep a witness with broad and indefinite questions as if asking a direct question is somehow unethical or suggestive.  On the contrary, asking your witness your questions is ethical and part of being a zealous advocate.  

Let the witness know there is nothing improper about your prep.  Tell the witness, especially a non-party, that opposing counsel is also preparing her witnesses.  You will always be protected from the suggestion of improper witness coaching by telling your witness from the moment you start to prep that she needs to tell the truth.

After the witness gets more comfortable with recalling the events of the case, tell the witness you are going to ask them word-for-word an important question.  Tell them your question and their answer is crucial.  Then ask the question.  Listen to each word.  Stop the witness when a choice of words, inaccuracies or demeanor needs to be discussed.  Talk to the witness about your concerns.  Work on each segment of her answer.  Ask the question again.  Get the right answer.  

 

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Posted in Trial

Will, Kate and Royal Prenuptials

  By Jennifer Brandt

carriage.jpgWe all sat transfixed last week as Will and Kate finally tied the knot.  The pageantry and revelry accompanying their wedding was a fairy tale brought to life.  But, what went on between the couple in those weeks leading up to the big event? 

Did Will force Kate to sign a prenuptial agreement (even though in the UK they are not usually held to the same standard of enforceability as here in the US)?  Did she have to agree that if she failed to produce an heir to the throne, that she would walk away from the marriage penniless?  Did each party have to disclose all of their assets prior to their betrothal?  Was there a weight clause in the agreement, such that if Kate increases a few dress sizes, she would be banished from the kingdom?

Here in the United States, prenuptial agreements are usually enforceable if both parties sign them freely and willingly, without any duress or coercion, and both parties disclose their respective assets and debts up front.  Prenuptial agreements are not just for those who have been married before or who expect to inherit a large fortune.  Every couple could benefit from such  an agreement.  Not only does the contract protect respective assets (more important now than ever given that people are marrying later in life), but the more important issue is that it forces folks to discuss issues such as money, children and respective financial responsibilities in the marriage before it even happens.

A prenuptial agreement requires that the parties each disclose whatever assets and debt that are in their possession prior to getting married.  Thus, the parties enter into the marriage with eyes wide open from a financial perspective.  It also can require parties to think about what will happen to the assets that they acquire during the marriage in the event of a divorce.  Will they keep their assets separate or join them together?  What about any business that a party owns prior to marriage – will that become part of the marital estate?  Will the income derived from employment be used to pay alimony?  A prenuptial agreement even requires people to think about what will happen in the event of death. will and kate.jpg

Since lack of communication is often the primary reason that marriages end, starting the dialogue even before the marriage begins helps to provide some assurance that the marriage will survive the ups and downs of life. 

A prenuptial agreement, however, does not protect a party from every issue that can occur during the course of a marriage and does not govern all behaviors.  For example, prenuptial agreements are not used to determine issues of child custody and/or child support, especially for children who are yet unborn.  While parties sometimes try to govern conduct that could occur during a marriage, it is truly questionable whether weight clauses, sexual activity clauses and the like are truly enforceable in a prenuptial agreement.  After all, how will a judge know if you did not have sex once a week?  Or if your spouse is ten pounds above their wedding day weight.  One thing that these additional clauses do provide is insight into your future spouse’s train of thought.  For example, if your spouse is so concerned about you gaining weight, perhaps you should think twice about marrying that person. 

As for Will and Kate, let’s hope their marriage has the same fairy tale ending as the beginning and that they will live happily ever after.  The rest of us, can always use an insurance policy and should seriously consider the benefits of entering a prenuptial agreement before saying “I do.” 

 

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Jennifer A. Brandt is a Partner of Cozen O’Connor’s Family Law Practice Group.
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Posted in Litigation
About the Editor
Hayes Hunt concentrates his practice in the representation of individuals, corporations and executives in a wide variety of federal and state criminal law and regulatory enforcement matters as well as complex civil litigation. Hayes is a partner in the firm's Commercial Litigation Department as well as its Criminal Defense and Governmental Investigations Group.
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